Chorus Depth & Rate Calculator

The base delay time sets the foundation for the chorus effect by determining the average delay applied to the audio signal. Short base delays (5-10 ms) produce a more subtle, flanger-like effect, while longer delays (15-20 ms) create a richer, more pronounced chorus. Choosing the right base delay depends on the instrument and the desired effect. For example, shorter delays often work well for tight, polished sounds on vocals, while longer delays can add a lush, ambient quality to guitars or synth pads.

The depth percentage determines how far the delay time modulates around the base delay. For example, if the base delay is 10 ms and the depth is set to 50%, the delay will oscillate between 5 ms and 15 ms. A higher depth percentage results in a wider modulation range, creating a more dramatic and noticeable chorus effect. However, excessive depth can lead to unnatural or overly detuned sounds, so it’s important to balance depth with the musical context.

The modulation rate (measured in Hertz) controls the speed of the Low-Frequency Oscillator (LFO) that drives the delay time changes. Faster rates (e.g., above 2 Hz) produce a shimmering or vibrating quality, which can add energy to the track. Slower rates (e.g., below 1 Hz) create a more relaxed, flowing movement, ideal for dreamy or atmospheric textures. Matching the modulation rate to the tempo of the song can help the chorus blend seamlessly into the mix.

Combining high depth with fast modulation rates can result in an overly chaotic or warbly sound that may clash with the rest of the mix. This is especially problematic on lead instruments or vocals, as it can make them sound out of tune or overly processed. To avoid this, consider using moderate depth settings with fast rates or applying high depth only to slower rates for a more controlled effect. Additionally, using a low-pass filter on the modulated signal can help tame excessive high-frequency artifacts.

While there are no strict industry standards, there are common practices based on the type of instrument and genre. For example, a base delay of 5-15 ms, depth of 30-50%, and rate of 0.5-1.5 Hz are typical for vocals to add subtle thickness without overwhelming the natural tone. For guitars, slightly longer base delays (10-20 ms) and higher depths (50-70%) are often used to create a lush, spacious sound. Synth pads frequently use slower rates (0.2-0.8 Hz) and high depths to achieve a dreamy, evolving texture.

To avoid phase issues, particularly in stereo setups, ensure that the wet and dry signals are properly balanced. Excessive wet signal can lead to phase cancellations when summed to mono. Additionally, using slightly different modulation rates or base delay times for left and right channels can create a wider stereo image while minimising phase problems. If phase issues persist, consider using a chorus plugin with phase-correction capabilities or applying the effect to a duplicate track rather than directly on the source.

The LFO waveform determines the shape of the modulation applied to the delay time. A sine wave creates smooth, natural oscillations, ideal for subtle and musical chorus effects. A triangle wave offers slightly more pronounced modulation, giving a sharper, more rhythmic feel. Square waves, on the other hand, produce abrupt changes in delay time, which can create a choppy or robotic effect. Understanding the LFO waveform allows producers to tailor the chorus effect to suit the mood and style of the track.

The modulation rate directly affects how the chorus effect interacts with the rhythm of the track. Setting the rate to a value that complements the tempo (e.g., 0.5 Hz for a slow beat or 1 Hz for a faster tempo) ensures that the modulation feels cohesive and musical. Syncing the rate to a division of the tempo, such as quarter or eighth notes, can further enhance the rhythmic integration of the effect. Conversely, mismatched rates may create a disjointed or distracting modulation that detracts from the overall mix.