Audio Pan Law Calculator

Pan law determines how audio levels are attenuated or boosted as a signal is panned between the left and right channels in a stereo field. Its purpose is to maintain perceived loudness consistency across the stereo image. For example, without a pan law, a signal might sound louder when centred because energy from both channels combines. Common pan laws, such as -3 dB or -6 dB, reduce the level at the centre to compensate for this summing effect. The choice of pan law can significantly impact the balance of your mix, particularly in mono compatibility and stereo imaging.

The choice of pan law affects the perceived width and balance of the stereo image. A -3 dB pan law provides a moderate reduction at the centre, maintaining a balanced loudness across the stereo field without overly attenuating the centre. A -4.5 dB pan law offers a compromise between -3 dB and -6 dB, often used in music genres where a slightly more pronounced stereo effect is desired. A -6 dB pan law results in a more significant attenuation at the centre, creating a wider stereo image but potentially making the centre feel less prominent. The decision on which pan law to use depends on the desired spatial characteristics of the mix and the playback environment.

Mono compatibility ensures that your mix sounds balanced and clear when summed to mono, which can occur on certain playback systems like smartphones or PA systems. Pan laws that heavily attenuate the centre, such as -6 dB, may cause signals panned to the centre to sound quieter in mono. Conversely, pan laws with less attenuation, like -3 dB, may better preserve the balance when summed. Checking your mix in mono helps identify potential phase cancellation issues and ensures that critical elements, such as vocals or bass, remain prominent regardless of the playback format.

A common misconception is that the choice of pan law is purely aesthetic and does not affect technical aspects of the mix. In reality, pan law directly impacts perceived loudness, mono compatibility, and the overall balance of the stereo image. Another misconception is that all digital audio workstations (DAWs) use the same default pan law, which is not true. Different DAWs apply different pan laws, and failing to account for these differences can lead to inconsistencies when transferring projects between systems. Understanding and consciously selecting the appropriate pan law for your mix is crucial for achieving professional results.

The Audio Pan Law Calculator helps you predict how different pan laws and pan positions will affect the loudness levels of the left and right channels. By inputting your source level, pan position, and selected pan law, you can identify potential loudness imbalances and adjust your mix accordingly. For example, if a signal becomes too quiet when panned centre under a -6 dB pan law, you might consider boosting the input level slightly or switching to a less aggressive pan law. This tool is particularly useful for ensuring consistent loudness across various playback systems and environments.

When selecting a pan law, consider the genre of music, the playback environment, and the desired stereo image. For instance, a -3 dB pan law is versatile and works well for most genres, providing a balanced stereo image without over-attenuating the centre. A -6 dB pan law is ideal for creating a wide stereo field, often used in cinematic or ambient music, but may require additional compensation for centre-panned elements. Additionally, think about mono compatibility and how your mix will translate across different playback systems. Testing your mix under various pan laws can help you make an informed decision.

Pan laws primarily affect the direct signal's loudness distribution across the stereo field, but they also influence how reverb and delay effects are perceived. For example, a -6 dB pan law creates a wider stereo image, which can enhance the spatial depth of reverb and delay effects. However, excessive attenuation of the centre may cause these effects to dominate, potentially masking the direct signal. To achieve a balanced mix, consider adjusting the wet/dry ratio of your effects and ensure that their stereo placement complements the chosen pan law. This approach helps maintain clarity and depth in the mix.

To refine pan positions, start by setting critical elements like vocals, bass, and kick drum in the centre, where they provide a stable anchor for the mix. Gradually pan other elements like guitars, keyboards, and percussion to create a balanced stereo image. Use the Audio Pan Law Calculator to predict how different pan positions and laws affect loudness, and make adjustments to avoid sudden volume drops or boosts. Regularly check your mix in mono to ensure compatibility and address any phase issues. Finally, reference your mix on multiple playback systems to validate the spatial balance and loudness consistency.